recursive

A function is called recursive it is calls itself. On most modern processors, the calling conventions (ABI) used by the compiler are such that recursive calling is not a problem. However, even with the compiler supporting this, extreme care needs to be taken to use recursion in a way that does not create problems. Typically, this means:

• All parameters are passed as arguments directly to the function (not statics)
• The function does not need any static variables

Examples (C-Language)

Good example

unsigned CalcFactorial(unsigned n) {
  if (n == 1) {
    return 1;
  }
  n *= CalcFactorial(n -1);
  return n;
}

Well actually, this is not a great example, for the following reasons:

• The recursion is not limited. If called with a parameter of 1000000, then there will be one million invocations, most likely causing a stack overflow
• The recursion is not really necessary, it can be easily eliminated by changing the routine as below:
• The variable used for storage is limited, so it will only work up to 4G (0xFFFF_FFFF) on a 32-bit CPU. (Or more precisely a CPU for which the compiler uses a 32-bit value for type unsigned)

unsigned CalcFactorial(unsigned n) {
  unsigned r;
  r = n;
  while (n > 1) {
    n--; 
    r *= n;
  }
  return r;
}

Bad example

TBD

Problems with using recursive functions

• Debugging: Debugging a recursive function can be quite tricky, as a breakpoint will work on all instances and can not be specific to a particular invocation
• Stack usage: Every invocation uses a certain amount of stack space. Thus excessive recursion can lead to stack overflow.

Good programming practice

• Use recursion only where really necessary or where it at least has massive advantages
• If used, then one of the recursion paramters used be the recursion level, starting with 0 on the first call. This helps to avoid stack overflow due to excessive recursion